Comprehensive behavioral treatment (CBT) is a practice carried out with children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) following the principles of applied behavior analysis (ABA) at home or in a clinic for 20-40 hours per week and predominantly contains discrete-trial training (DTT) as the instructional format. CBT and DTT require the learner with ASD engage in the instructional activity and stay seated for prolonged periods of time as well as comply with the frequent requests of the implementer. Hence, the instructional environment, the practitioner, and the materials of the CBT may become aversive stimuli for the learner. Therefore, various behavioral problems are observed frequently during CBT. Building rapport with the learner is mentioned in the literature as an antecedent-based intervention for decreasing the aversiveness of the task demand whereas presession pairing is a special form of rapport building developed for CBT. During presession pairing, the novel educational environment, implementer, and materials are paired with positive reinforcers to decrease the aversiveness of the instruction that the learner encounters for the first time and eliminate problems to the greatest extent possible. The aim of the present manuscript is to address the research related to and implementation process of presession pairing.

Keywords: Autism spectrum disorder; Applied behavior analysis; Comprehensive behavioral treatment; Discrete-trial training; Rapport building; Presession paring.

This study aimed to determine the needs of parents who spend their quarantine days in their homes with their special needed children between 2 and 20 years of age in Gaziantep, their needs and their views on the services provided. The epidemic has turned into a global crisis affecting all countries of the world. The study was conducted with a phenomenology design within the framework of qualitative research approach. The participants of the study were 273 parents representing the maximum diversity who received support education services from a special education and rehabilitation center for their children. 30% of the participants are the parents of children with physical disability, 25% with mental disability and 16% with autism spectrum disorder. The obtained data were evaluated with descriptive analysis in line with research questions and literature. It has been observed that the needs of the parents are education, social and psychological support, child care support, economic support, health and therapy services. In this process, parents most needed the support of special education teachers. Most of the parents found the homework and activities prepared by the special education teachers working in the center in line with the individual needs of the students useful through the virtual media.

Keywords: Kovid-19; Online; Family Needs; Phenomenology; Children with special needs; Special education teacher.

The purpose of this research was to examine the secondary school students' attitudes towards STEM and Augmented Reality (AR) applications. In the research, convergent parallel mixed method was used. This research was carried out a total of 504 students of two public schools attending 5^th, 6^th, 7^th and 8^th grades in a province of Marmara Region ın addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with 10 students, three of whom were in 7^th grade, two in 5^th grade, three in 6^th grade and two in 8^th grade in order to obtain in-depth information on augmented reality applications. When the findings of the study were examined, it was determined that the students did not sufficiently know the 21^st  century skills dimension, mathematics, science, engineering and technology dimensions and AR applications and were not involved in these applications.

Keywords: Augmented reality (AR); Informatics; Secondary school students; Sciences; STEM.

This study aims to analyze the role of metaphors in psychological counseling. The use of metaphors in psychological counseling in Turkish culture is more important than individual cultures. When we consider the sources of culture-specific metaphors, we often think of tales, short stories, jokes, proverbs, rituals, etc. revenue. Our culture has a very rich heritage in this regard. Hz. Mevlânâ Rumi and Yunus Emre, Haci Bektas Veli, Nasrettin Hoca, epics, folk songs, daily life examples can be the source of psychological counselors. Of these, the famous Turkish thinker Mevlânâ Celalettin Rumi, who lived in the 13th century, starts with the Mesnevî book Ney, which consists of 26 thousand couplets, the masterpiece of Rumi. The ney metaphor has two meanings in positive psychological suggestion. This study focused on the use of “Ney” metaphor as a therapeutic tool for constructing reality between the client and the consultant and the positive results of the use of metaphor. This study aims to present a different perspective and a new perspective in psychological counseling. 

Keywords: Psychological counseling, Ney, Mesnevi, Metaphor, Suggestion

The purpose of this study is to examine views of employees with disabilities (EWDs) on their workplaces and employers. Qualitative research method was used to examine the views of EWDs about their employers. Research sample includes 35 EWDs in 26 businesses, in Selçuklu, Meram and Ereğli districts of Konya Province. Opinions of EWDs were collected with semi-structured interview forms and quantitative-descriptive analyses were performed. By the end of the study, fourteen of the EWDs indicated that their employers, in their approach to problems, performed a fair division of labor, decreased EWDs’ workload,provided a learning period and taught EWDs about the job. Although, five of the EWDs mentioned that their employers assigned jobs to them without consulting them and did not perform a fair division of labor; EWDs performed their duties by themselves or their employers assigned them jobs outside of their capabilities, disability types and levels. We may recommend organization of transition programs which aims transition of individuals with disabilities from school to professional
life.
Keywords: Individual with a disability; Employee with a disability; Employment.

The aim of this study is to determine the management skills level of school administrators according to parents' opinions. This research is a cross-sectional survey model aimed at determining the management skills level of school administrators according to parents' opinions. The sample of the study consists of 511 parents of students. In this study, “Management Skills Scale” was used. The measurement tool used in the study was applied by the researcher to 511 parents in the city center of Ankara in November 2019 in the 2019-2020 academic year, and the data were collected. As a result of the research, it was seen that the management skills of school administrators were at the level of agree according to the parents’ opinions. In addition, when the management skills of school administrators were examined according to parents’ opinions on the basis of dimensions, it was seen that they were at the I agree level in the dimensions of human relations and communication, parent and student support, teacher support, guidance and organization development. As a result of the research, the level of management skills of school administrators did not show a significant difference according to the variables of parents’ gender, age, educational status and occupational sector. In order for school administrators to have effective management skills in a way including communication and interaction with parents, environments where cooperation with parents can be created and social activities can be organized.

Keywords: School; Manager; Management; Management skills; Parent of student.

Determining the teaching profession expectations of preservice teachers is essential in contributing to the search for qualified teachers. The current study was carried out to reveal the expectations of pre-service teachers attending the department of teaching individuals with intellectual disabilities. In the study, the descriptive design was used. A total of 78 senior preservice teachers who have already enrolled in Teaching Practice I course participated in the study. The data were collected using semi-structured interviews and analyzed descriptively. The findings show that preservice teachers have social, economic, professional development, legal and managerial regulations expectations from the teaching profession. The highest frequency had a prestigious role in the social dimension, high salary and economic privileges in the economic dimension, in-service training, participating the seminars, courses, and conferences in profes-sional development dimension, and freedom of clothing and not ap-pointing the out-of-department teachers into special education field in legislative and executive regulation dimension. The findings are consistent with the previous research.

Keywords: Department of teaching individuals with intellectual disabilities; preservice teachers; Teacher training; Teaching profession; Semi-structured interviews; Descriptive design.

The aim of this study was to investigate the effects of the Big Math for Little Kids Program on 36-48 months old children in term of gaining mathematical skills. The study included 36-48 months-old children who are attending to two different kindergartens in the province of Konya. The study group consisted of 30 children (15 of them in experimental group and 15 in the control group). The independent variable of this research is the mathematics education program named as “Big Math for Little Kids” and the dependent variable is children’s mathematical skills. In this study, an unequalized control group model of experimental models was performed. At the beginning of the study, TEMA 3-A Math Ability Test was applied to both the control and experimental groups in order to obtain pretest scores. Following the 16- week-training, TEMA 3-B was applied to children who formed both the experimental and the control groups in order to obtain posttest results. The follow-up test was applied to children who formed the experimental group one month after the post-test. The data were analyzed by Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon tests. As a result of the research, the children in the experimental group were found to be more successful than their early math skills. Moreover, it has been found that Big Math for Little Kids Program is effective in the development of mathematics skills of 36-48 months old children.

Key Words: Early mathematics; Pre-school period; Math education; Math Skills; Big math for little kids.

It is possible to mention about many benefits that museum education whose importance and necessity has been understood in recent years will provide children and young people. Museum education gives an individual the opportunity to get to know his own culture primarily and then the cultures of different nations, in other words, it provides cultural awareness. It is possible to discover museums which will also support aesthetic development and value education and to enhance interest in art by this way at the age of childhood. For this purpose, thirteen books that were determined to be about museum education in children's literature by using survey method. These books were analyzed by means of document analysis and the data obtained were presented through descriptive analysis. The books were categorized under three headings: those written with a focus on museum tour, those written with the idea of creating their own museum, and the ones written with the focus on activity and practice. It was seen that the books explained the rules to be followed during a museum tour and they succeeded in promoting the museums and artworks in the world and in our country. In addition, an affirmative perspective was created by emphasizing in the books that museums are enjoyable places and they stimulate imagination. As a result, it was decided that the books written for children are guidance works that can be used by teachers and parents in museum education.

Keywords: Children’s literature; Museum education; Art and children; Children’s museum, Children’s books.

In this study, it was aimed to determine the opinions of parents regarding the school readiness and school adjustment process of their children who start primary school. 20 parents whose children started primary school in the 2018-2019 academic year participated in the study, which sets an example for the phenomenology pattern, one of the qualitative research methods. Homogeneous sampling, one of the purposeful sampling methods, was used in determining the participants. Research data were obtained through a semi-structured interview form developed by the researchers. The data were collected using face-to-face interview technique and analyzed by content analysis method. The research findings are presented under two main themes as school readiness and school adjustment process. Research results reveal that parents define readiness in a way that emphasizes different developmental areas and most of them make explanations that emphasize the social-emotional development area. Although the parents talked about the characteristics of the children who will start primary school, many skills and competencies gathered in five separate categories, they emphasized the socialemotional development area and self-care skills more. When the opinions of parents about their children's adaptation to school processes
were examined, they stated that they observed many positive and negative behaviors in their children during this process. They mentioned that school management and teachers are doing different activities to ensure their children's adaptation to school and emphasized the importance of school-family cooperation in order to overcome this process in a healthy way. The findings were discussed in the light of the literature and various suggestions were made. 

Keywords: School readiness; School adjustment; Parent; Primary school first grade student; Qualitative research.

The purpose of this study is to analyze the studies descriptively, con-ducted to gain job and vocation skills to the individuals with intellectual disabilities in the national literature, and to examine the studies accord-ing to the quality indicators within single-subject research, developed by Horner et al. (2005). National databases were scanned to reach these studies. As a result of the aforementioned scanning 23 studies were found. In terms of inclusion and exclusion criteria, 8 of these studies were retained. These studies were analyzed concerning their demo-graphic (participant, setting, instruction session, etc.) and methodologic (dependent and independent variable, research model, effectiveness, generalization, maintenance, social validity, etc.) features on a table and a graphic and the results were discussed. In addition to this, the studies were examined according to the quality indicators within single-subject research, developed by Horner et al. (2005). In brief, a) job and voca-tion skills were purposed to gain to the individuals with intellectual dis-abilities at school ages, b) simultaneous prompting, constant time delay, video modeling, and café waiter education program were used to teach target skills, c) the studies were conducted in one-to-one intervention settings, d) and the studies met between 15-19 criteria of the 21 criteria indicators within single-subject research, developed by Horner et al. (2005). Accordingly, it is possible to say that the quality level of the studies in the national literature, of which purpose is gaining job and vocational skills for individuals with intellectual disabilities, is on the increasing trend.
Keywords: Individuals with intellectual disabilities; Job and vocation skills; The quality indicators within single-subject research; Descrip-tive analyze.

The characteristics that psychological counselors must have in the process of fulfilling the requirements of their profession have been the subject of research for a long time. The aim of this study is to examine the relationship between emotional intelligence levels and counseling selfefficacy of psychological counselor candidates. In addition, examination of emotional intelligence levels and counseling self-efficacy of psychological counselor candidates in terms of diverse variables is another aim of study. A total of 200 psychological counselor candidates from Sakarya University, Düzce University, Uludağ University and Sabahattin Zaim University participated voluntarily. Psychological counselor candidates are the senior students who are studying Psychological Counseling and Guidance in the undergraduate programs of the aforementioned universities and who have taken “Individual Counseling Practices” course. In the scope of the research, the data were collected by the Schutte Emotional Intelligence Scale and the Psychological Counseling Self-Efficacy Scale. In the research, the screening method was applied and the data was analyzed in the SPSS program. Spearman Rank Differences correlation analysis and Mann Whitney U test were applied to test the data. As a result of the study, a moderately statistically significant positive relation was found between the emotional intelligence levels and psychological counseling self-efficacy subscales (helping skill self-efficacy, session management self-efficacy and counseling challenges self-efficacy), and total scores of psychological counseling self-efficacy scale. In addition, women's helping skill self-efficacy scores were found statistically higher than men's; and those who
participated in internship activities had higher emotional intelligence levels and helping skill self-efficacy than others.
Keywords: Psychological counselor candidate; Emotional intelligence; Counseling self-efficacy; Helping skill self-efficacy; Session management self-efficacy; Counseling challenges self-efficacy

It is important to use effective methods during teaching target skills that individuals with developmental disabilities need. Teachers may use one-to-one teaching arrangements and small group instruction in providing teaching via effective methods. It is mentioned in the litera-ture that small group instruction has some advantages when compared with one-to-one teaching arrangements. In small group instruction, in-dividuals can have the opportunity to learn by observing. In this article, it was aimed to examine the studies in which small group instruction for teaching chained skills, and observational learning process was planned. The studies which were reached within the context of this study were analyzed comprehensively and evaluated regarding the “qualitative criteria of single-subject design studies”. As a result of the investigation of studies accessed, it was understood that small group instruction was effective in the acquisition of chained skills by individ-uals with developmental disabilities. Moreover, in the mentioned stud-ies, it was found that group members learned from other group mem-bers’ skills by observing. In this context, the revealed results were dis-cussed within the frame of the literature and recommendations for re-searchers are provided.
Keywords: Small group instruction; Observational learning; Chained skills; Qualitative criteria of single-subject design studies; Individuals with developmental disabilities.

Purpose of the research; the aim of this study is to reveal whether gender,
age, number of siblings, parents’ age, education level, occupation
and family type affect the level of exposure to peer bullying of preschool
children. In this context, the sample group of the study consisted
of 155 pre-school children over 48 months old in Patnos district of Ağrı
province in the 2017-2018 academic year. “Personal Information
Form” and “Peer Victimization Scale” were used as data collection
tools in the study. The data collected with these measurement tools were
analyzed in the SPSS program according to the number of categories of
the independent variables. Data were evaluated using t Test for independent
samples and one-way analysis of variance. As a result of the
research, it was found that the level of exposure to peer bullying of children
differed significantly according to the family structure of the child
and the educational status of the father; it has been found that there is
no significant difference according to the gender, age and number of
siblings of the child, the education level of the mothers, the professions
and ages of the parents. In this context, parents can be informed about
peer bullying and methods of preventing bullying through family education
activities by teachers. Teachers can also include activities, studies
and games that can prevent peer bullying in their programs. In addition,
similar studies can be carried out by researchers in different cities
with sample groups with different characteristics.
Keywords: Pre-school; Pre-school period; Child; Peer; Peer bullying

In this study, it is aimed to present the suffix wheel activity which is
thought to contribute to the development of language teaching within
the appropriate theoretical framework. In line with this aim, in 2019
Turkish education program, 5. explain the functions of the construction
attachment associated with the basic skills of class reading, the acquisition and construction attachments are not memorised, the logic of creating the vocabulary is comprehended, the students will not be bored by
the rules, they will be included in the process of a fun event is prepared
taking into account the six explanations of the acquisition. The average
score of the test applied to students after the suffix wheel activity
is=76.39 which indicates that the targeted gain is gained by the students.
It was observed that the test scores of the students were not significantly
different from the scores of the students, and that there was a valid student (F1), a moderate student (F6), a good nine students (F9) and a good
seven students (F7) as a result of the classification based on the distribution of scores. It is thought that this activity proposal, prepared to
involve students in the learning process, will present language learning
with more success, fun and life, so that students will be able to use what
they have learned in language education in school and in off-school life,
understand, solve problems, predict and make judgments.
Keywords: Grammar; Language teaching; Activity; Activity approach.